Tratamiento farmacológico de la litiasis renal: medicamentos actuales y monitorización del pH urinario / Pharmacologic treatment of kidney stones: Current medication and pH monitoring

La nefrolitiasis es una enfermedad urológica de prevalencia mundial asociada a una importante morbilidad y malestar para el paciente. El tratamiento actual de los cálculos renales se basa en intervenciones quirúrgicas y farmacológicas. Aunque la cirugía puede ser necesaria en casos determinados, el tratamiento farmacológico es una opción más asequible, fácilmente disponible y menos invasiva para el paciente. Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva para resumir la bibliografía disponible sobre las estrategias de manejo farmacológico de los principales tipos de litiasis: oxalato cálcico, fosfato cálcico, ácido úrico, estruvita y cistina. La regulación de factores como el pH urinario, la cristalización de los cálculos y los trastornos metabólicos del paciente que precipitan el desarrollo y el crecimiento de los cálculos es fundamental para estos enfoques terapéuticos. Esta revisión hace hincapié en las opciones farmacológicas disponibles para el tratamiento según el tipo de litiasis y destaca la importancia de un tratamiento médico personalizado para cada paciente, aspecto que debe ser tenido en cuenta por todos los médicos. (AU)

Nephrolithiasis is a globally prevalent urologic condition associated with significant morbidity and patient discomfort. Current management of kidney stones includes both surgical and pharmacologic interventions. Though surgery may be necessary under certain circumstances, pharmacologic treatment is a more affordable, readily available, and a less invasive option for patients. A comprehensive scoping review was conducted to summarize the available literature on the pharmacologic strategies for managing the predominant stone types including calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Central to these therapeutic approaches is the regulation of factors such as urine pH, stone crystallization, and patient metabolics that precipitate stone development and growth. This review highlights the pharmacological options available for treating each kidney stone type, emphasizing the importance of patient tailored medical management that should be considered by every physician. (AU)

Pharmacologic treatment of kidney stones: Current medication and pH monitoring.

Nephrolithiasis is a globally prevalent urologic condition associated with significant morbidity and patient discomfort. Current management of kidney stones includes both surgical and pharmacologic interventions. Though surgery may be necessary under certain circumstances, pharmacologic treatment is a more affordable, readily available, and a less invasive option for patients. A comprehensive scoping review was conducted to summarize the available literature on the pharmacologic strategies for managing the predominant stone types including calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Central to these therapeutic approaches is the regulation of factors such as urine pH, stone crystallization, and patient metabolics that precipitate stone development and growth. This review highlights the pharmacological options available for treating each kidney stone type, emphasizing the importance of patient tailored medical management that should be considered by every physician.

[Interpretation of the metabolic study in renal lithiasis and its treatment]. / Interpretación del estudio metabólico en la litiasis renal y su tratamiento.

Urolithiasis is a common disease, and is an important health problem that is associated with a great economic burden. The nature of stone disease varies according by dietary and lifestyle factors, including, among others, climate variations. The majority of patients will suffer a new lithiasic episode at some point in their life, unless preventive measures, such as changing lifestyles and dietary habits, are put in place to avoid it. The risk factors involved in lithogenesis should be evaluated in order to reduce recurrences. In the majority of these patients, metabolic changes are observed in the urine that predispose lithogenesis. The kind of evaluation depends on stone composition and on the clinical presentation. A diagnosis of systemic and renal diseases of lithogenic nature can be diagnosed with these studies, and they also enable the adoption of precise prophylactic measures that achieve control of recurrence in a great number of patients.

Implementation of an intraleukocitary cystine quantification method for diagnosis of cystinosis. / Implementación de un método para la cuantificación de cistina intraleucocitaria como apoyo diagnóstico para la cistinosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cystinosis is an inborn error of metabolism, clinically characterised by severe renal involvement and development of corneal cystine deposits, especially in the adult form of the disease. Cystinosis is a treatable condition. Therefore, an early diagnosis is necessary to start therapy. For biochemical confirmation of the condition it is necessary to quantify intracellular cystine concentrations. For this, different methods have been described with variations in cell isolation strategies and the amino acid quantification techniques used. In order to improve confirmatory biochemical diagnosis in our setting, a protocol for intraleukocitary cystine quantification was established. METHODS: A high performance liquid chromatography based method for cystine quantification in polymorphonuclear cells was implemented. Evaluation of the best anticoagulant to use and temperature stability of the sample at 4̊C were performed. In addition, we established reference values for our population. RESULTS: It was determined that intraleukocitary cystine quantification must be performed in blood samples containing acid-citrate-dextrose as anticoagulant. Samples must be processed immediately due to their poor stability even when refrigerated. Based on the results from 50 healthy individuals, the cut-off point established for our population was 0.34nmol 1/2 cystine/mg. CONCLUSION: The adaptation performed to the cystine quantification method here presented the highest control population that has been reported in the literature so far. Our results highlight the need for making available a cystine quantification method locally and confirm the convenience for each laboratory to establish its own reference values to provide greater reliability for interpreting results.

Hematology and serum biochemistry of broilers at the initial and growth stages submitted to different levels of digestible sulfur amino acids / Hematologia e bioquímica sérica de frangos de corte submetidos a diferentes níveis de aminoácidos sulfurados digestíveis

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of digestible methionine and cystine (Met + Cys) levels on the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens during the initial and growth stages. For this, 1,800 male chicks of the Coob 500 strain were used, with 900 chicks in the initial phase (1 to 21 days old) and 900 chicks in the growth phase (22 to 42 days old), distributed in a completely randomized design of five treatments with six replicates of 30 birds. The treatments consisted of 0.545, 0.616, 0.711, 0.782, and 0.853%; and 0.514, 0.571, 0.647, 0.704, and 0.761% digestible Met + Cys for "1 to 21" and "22 to 42" days of breeding, respectively. Results showed that digestible Met + Cys levels in broiler feed altered some hematological parameters (erythrocyte, hematocrit hemoglobin, total leukocytes, heterophile: lymphocyte) and serum biochemistry (uric acid, PST, total LDL, and TG). The digestible Met + Cys levels in the diet of broilers affected the hematological parameters and serum biochemistry, especially at higher levels. From the inclusion level 0.761 of Met + Cist in the broiler diet, red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit changes begin to appear.

RESUMO: Teve-se como objetivos neste estudo avaliar o efeito dos níveis de metionina + cistina (Met+Cis) digestível na dieta sobre os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos séricos de frangos de corte na fase inicial e de crescimento. Para isso, utilizou-se 1.800 pintos, machos, da linhagem Coob 500, sendo 900 pintos para a fase inicial (1 a 21 dias de idade) e mais 900 pintos para a fase de crescimento (22 a 42 dias de idade), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto de cinco tratamentos, com seis repetições de 30 aves. Os tratamentos consistiram em 0,545; 0,616; 0,711; 0,782 e 0,853% e 0,514; 0,571; 0,647; 0,704 e 0,761% de Met+Cis digestíveis para a fase inicial e de crescimento, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstraram que níveis de Met+Cis digestível na alimentação de frango de corte, acarretam alterações em parâmetros hematológicos como: hemácia, hematócrito, hemoglobina, leucócitos totais, relação heterófilo: linfócito; e bioquímico sérico como: ácido úrico, albumina, colesterol total, proteínas séricas totais (PST), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) e triglicerídeos (TG). Os níveis digestíveis de Met + Cys na dieta de frangos de corte afetam os parâmetros hematológicos e a bioquímica sérica, principalmente em níveis mais elevados. A partir do nível de inclusão 0.761 de Met + Cist na dieta de frangos de corte, começam a aparecer alterações nos glóbulos vermelhos, hemoglobina e hematócrito.

Efecto de la combinación de bases nutritivas con el inhibidor sobre la recuperación de salmonelas / Effect of combining nutrient bases and inhibitor on recovery of Salmonella

Introducción: las salmonelas son las causantes más frecuentes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos a nivel mundial. El caldo selenito cistina es un medio de enriquecimiento selectivo utilizado para la recuperación de especies de salmonelas en muestras de alimentos, aguas, heces y otros materiales de importancia sanitaria. Objetivo: evaluar la combinación de bases nutritivas obtenidas por métodos originales con el selenito de sodio para garantizar la adecuada recuperación de especies de salmonelas en el caldo selenito cistina. Métodos: se realizó un estudio comparativo con diferentes bases nutritivas, que evaluó la promoción de crecimiento bacteriano de seis cepas de Salmonella y Shigella. Se prepararon dos variantes y se inocularon los microorganismos seleccionados a una concentración aproximada de 3 × 108 unidades formadoras de colonia por mililitro. El incremento de la biomasa se determinó a través de la medición de la absorbancia en un espectrofotómetro a 640 nanómetros cada una hora. Se comparó el comportamiento del medio caldo selenito cistina formulado por ingredientes con el caldo selenito cistina de Merck frente a los microorganismos de interés. Se determinó productividad y selectividad del medio de cultivo. Resultados: la variante que contiene la mezcla de bases nutritivas (peptona bacteriológica Z, peptona de soya e hidrolizado enzimático de caseína) facilitó una mejor recuperación de las cepas ensayadas, mostró diferencias significativas (p< 0,05) con respecto a la variante que contiene solo hidrolizado enzimático de caseína. El medio experimental que contenía la mezcla de bases nutritivas con el selenito de sodio, mostró una recuperación de Salmonella a bajas concentraciones, similar al de referencia e inhibió mejor Escherichia coli a bajas concentraciones...

Introduction: Salmonella are the most common causes of food-borne disease worldwide. Selenite cystine broth is a selective enrichment medium used for the recovery of Salmonella species in samples of food, water, feces and other materials of clinical importance. Objective: Evaluate the combination of nutrition bases obtained by original methods and sodium selenite to ensure appropriate recovery of Salmonella species in selenite cystine broth. Methods: A comparative study was conducted with various nutrition bases to evaluate the fostering of bacterial growth in six strains of Salmonella and Shigella. Two variants were prepared and the microorganisms selected were inoculated at an approximate concentration of 3 × 108 colony-forming units per milliliter. Absorbance was measured with a 640 nanometer spectrophotometer every hour to determine biomass increase. Behavior of the selenite cystine broth medium formulated by ingredients was compared with that of Merck cystine selenite broth in the presence of the microorganisms of interest. Determination was performed of the productivity and selectivity of the culture medium. Results: The variant containing the mixture of nutrient bases (bacteriological peptone Z, soybean peptone and casein enzymatic hydrolysate) facilitated better recovery of the strains tested, with significant differences (p< 0.05) with respect to the variant containing casein enzymatic hydrolysate alone. The experimental medium containing the mixture of nutrient bases and sodium selenite displayed Salmonella recovery at low concentrations in a manner similar to the reference medium and inhibited Escherichia coli more efficiently at low concentrations...

Efecto de la combinación de bases nutritivas con el inhibidor sobre la recuperación de salmonelas / Effect of combining nutrient bases and inhibitor on recovery of Salmonella

INTRODUCCIÓN: las salmonelas son las causantes más frecuentes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos a nivel mundial. El caldo selenito cistina es un medio de enriquecimiento selectivo utilizado para la recuperación de especies de salmonelas en muestras de alimentos, aguas, heces y otros materiales de importancia sanitaria. OBJETIVO: evaluar la combinación de bases nutritivas obtenidas por métodos originales con el selenito de sodio para garantizar la adecuada recuperación de especies de salmonelas en el caldo selenito cistina. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio comparativo con diferentes bases nutritivas, que evaluó la promoción de crecimiento bacteriano de seis cepas de Salmonella y Shigella. Se prepararon dos variantes y se inocularon los microorganismos seleccionados a una concentración aproximada de 3 × 108 unidades formadoras de colonia por mililitro. El incremento de la biomasa se determinó a través de la medición de la absorbancia en un espectrofotómetro a 640 nanómetros cada una hora. Se comparó el comportamiento del medio caldo selenito cistina formulado por ingredientes con el caldo selenito cistina de Merck frente a los microorganismos de interés. Se determinó productividad y selectividad del medio de cultivo. RESULTADOS: la variante que contiene la mezcla de bases nutritivas (peptona bacteriológica Z, peptona de soya e hidrolizado enzimático de caseína) facilitó una mejor recuperación de las cepas ensayadas, mostró diferencias significativas (p< 0,05) con respecto a la variante que contiene solo hidrolizado enzimático de caseína. El medio experimental que contenía la mezcla de bases nutritivas con el selenito de sodio, mostró una recuperación de Salmonella a bajas concentraciones, similar al de referencia e inhibió mejor Escherichia coli a bajas concentraciones. A altas concentraciones ninguno de los dos medios pudo inhibir el crecimiento de E. coli. La productividad para ambos medios, resultó satisfactoria en el intervalo de 0,1 a 1, al igual que la selectividad con un valor aproximado de 3. CONCLUSIONES: la combinación de bases nutritivas originales con el selenito de sodio permitió una adecuada recuperación de las especies de salmonelas.

INTRODUCTION: Salmonella are the most common causes of food-borne disease worldwide. Selenite cystine broth is a selective enrichment medium used for the recovery of Salmonella species in samples of food, water, feces and other materials of clinical importance. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the combination of nutrition bases obtained by original methods and sodium selenite to ensure appropriate recovery of Salmonella species in selenite cystine broth. METHODS: A comparative study was conducted with various nutrition bases to evaluate the fostering of bacterial growth in six strains of Salmonella and Shigella. Two variants were prepared and the microorganisms selected were inoculated at an approximate concentration of 3 × 108 colony-forming units per milliliter. Absorbance was measured with a 640 nanometer spectrophotometer every hour to determine biomass increase. Behavior of the selenite cystine broth medium formulated by ingredients was compared with that of Merck cystine selenite broth in the presence of the microorganisms of interest. Determination was performed of the productivity and selectivity of the culture medium. RESULTS: The variant containing the mixture of nutrient bases (bacteriological peptone Z, soybean peptone and casein enzymatic hydrolysate) facilitated better recovery of the strains tested, with significant differences (p< 0.05) with respect to the variant containing casein enzymatic hydrolysate alone. The experimental medium containing the mixture of nutrient bases and sodium selenite displayed Salmonella recovery at low concentrations in a manner similar to the reference medium and inhibited Escherichia coli more efficiently at low concentrations. At high concentrations neither medium was able to inhibit the growth of E. coli. Productivity was satisfactory in both media, ranging between 0.1 and 1, and so was selectivity, which reached an approximate value of 3. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of original nutrition bases and sodium selenite allowed appropriate recovery of Salmonella species.

Nuevos blancos terapéuticos en el tratamiento de las depresiones resistentes: Moduladores glutamatérgicos / New Therapeutic Targets in the Treatment of Resistant Depression: glutamatergic modulators

Dentro de los trastornos del estado de ánimo, los trastornos depresivos son padecimientos generalmente recurrentes que tienen, según las estadísticas, una prevalencia anual de un 3 % a un 6 % en la población. Desde la década de los 60' la hipótesis aminérgica de Schildkraut y posteriores, establecieron que las depresiones estaban vinculadas a alteraciones en la neurotransmisión catecolaminérgica y serotoninérgica. Los fármacos antidepresivos apuntaron a esas disfunciones pero las dificultades terapéuticas, retraso en el inicio de la acción y limitaciones en la eficacia, llevaron a la búsqueda de otras posibilidades, que surgieron de las investigaciones sobre la neurotransmisión glutamatérgica. En modelos animales se descubrió en los comienzos de los 90' la acción antidepresiva de los fármacos que antagonizaban la neurotransmisión de los receptores N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA). El objetivo de este trabajo se orienta a establecer los fundamentos de la teoría glutamatérgica de las depresiones y a describir los fármacos que potencialmente podrían utilizarse en la clínica...

Depressive disorders are usually recurrent diseases that, according to statistics, afects from 3 % to 6 % of the population. Since the early '60s the Schildkraut aminergic hypothesis and subsequent, established that depressions were associated with alterations in cahtecolaminegic and serotonergic neurotransmission. Antidepressant drugs aimed at these dysfunctions but the therapeutic difficulties, delayed onset of action and efficacy limitations, led to the search of other possibilities that emerged from the research on glutamatergic neurotransmission. In animal models it was discovered in the early 90's the antidepressant action of drugs antagonized the NMDA receptor neurotransmission. The objective of this work is aimed at establishing the foundations of the glutamatergic theory of depressions and describe drugs that potentially could be used in the clinic...

Cuantificación de cistina en orina espontánea para la detección de cistinuria / Quantitation of urinary cystine for the detection of cystinuria / Determinagáo quantitativa de cistina urinaria para a detecgáo de cistinuria

La cistinuria es un error innato del metabolismo ocasionado por un defecto en el transporte renal de arginina, ornitina, lisina y cistina. La acumulación de este último aminoácido de baja solubilidad ocasiona episodios de urolitiasis característicos de la enfermedad. En el presente estudio se estandarizó un método espectrofotométrico confiable y de fácil ejecución para la determinación cuantitativa de cistina en orina espontánea. Se realizó el análisis en 184 muestras, correspondientes a 104 controles y 80 pacientes con urolitiasis. Con el objeto de validar el método y posteriormente establecer un rango de excreción normal en la población colombiana se evaluaron los siguientes parámetros: exactitud, precisión, linealidad y límite de detección. La técnica mostró coeficientes de variación intra e inter ensayos inferiores al 10% y una excelente linealidad, con un coeficiente r² entre concentraciones conocidas de cistina y absorbancia generada por el método de 0,998. Usando esta técnica se encontró un valor normal de excreción de 1,35 a 110,11 mg cistina/g creatinina. En cinco pacientes, de los 80 con nefrolitiasis, se hallaron valores elevados de cistina, compatibles con cistinuria. El método utilizado puede implementarse en cualquier laboratorio clínico para confirmar el diagnóstico de cistinuria e iniciar un tratamiento oportuno.

Cystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism, caused by a defect in renal tubular transport of the following aminoacids: arginine, ornithine, lysine and cystine. Accumulation of the latter poorly soluble aminoacid leads to the development of kidney stones, characteristic of the disease. In this study, an easy and dependable spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of urinary cystine was standardized. The analysis was performed on 184 samples from 104 controls and 80 patients with kidney stones. In order to validate the method and later establish a range of normal urinary cystine excretion in the Colombian population, the following parameters were evaluated: Accuracy, precision, linearity and lower limit of detection. The technique showed intra and intei assay coefficients of variation below 10%, and excellent linearity, with an R square (r²) coefficient between known cystine concentrations and absorbance generated by the method at 0.998. Using this technique, a normal urinary cystine excretion range of 1.35-110.11 mg cystine/g creatinine was found. Among the 80 patients with kidney stones, elevated urinary cystine levels were found in 5 of them, compatible with the presence of cystinuria. This method can be implemented in any clinical laboratory to confirm the diagnosis of cystinuria and provide opportune treatment.

A cistinúria é um erro inato do metabolismo, causado por um defeito no transporte tubular renal de ar-ginina, ornitina, lisina e cistina. A acumulagáo deste último aminoácido, pouco solúvel, provoca episodios de urolitíase, característicos da doenga. No presente estudo, foi padronizado um método espectrofotomé-trico confiável e de fácil execugáo para a determinagáo quantitativa de cistina em urina espontánea. A análise foi realizada em 184 amostras de 104 controles e 80 pacientes com urolitíase. A fim de validar o método e, posteriormente, estabelecer um intervalo de excregao normal na populagao colombiana, foram avaliados os seguintes parámetros: exatidáo, precisáo, linearidade e limite inferior de detecgáo. O método mostrou coeficientes de variagáo intra e inter ensaios inferiores a 10%, e excelente linearidade, com um coeficiente R quadrado (r²) entre concentragoes conhecidas de cistina e absorváncia gerada pelo método de 0,998. Com esta técnica, foi encontrado um valor normal de excregáo de 1,35-110,11 mg cistina/g de creatinina. Entre os 80 pacientes com urolitíase, foram encontrados níveis elevados de cistina em cinco deles, compatíveis com a presenga de cistinúria. Este método pode ser implementado em qualquer laboratorio clínico para confirmar o diagnóstico de cistinúria e proporcionar um tratamento oportuno.

Cuantificación de cistina en orina espontánea para la detección de cistinuria / Quantitation of urinary cystine for the detection of cystinuria / Determinagáo quantitativa de cistina urinaria para a detecgáo de cistinuria

La cistinuria es un error innato del metabolismo ocasionado por un defecto en el transporte renal de arginina, ornitina, lisina y cistina. La acumulación de este último aminoácido de baja solubilidad ocasiona episodios de urolitiasis característicos de la enfermedad. En el presente estudio se estandarizó un método espectrofotométrico confiable y de fácil ejecución para la determinación cuantitativa de cistina en orina espontánea. Se realizó el análisis en 184 muestras, correspondientes a 104 controles y 80 pacientes con urolitiasis. Con el objeto de validar el método y posteriormente establecer un rango de excreción normal en la población colombiana se evaluaron los siguientes parámetros: exactitud, precisión, linealidad y límite de detección. La técnica mostró coeficientes de variación intra e inter ensayos inferiores al 10% y una excelente linealidad, con un coeficiente r² entre concentraciones conocidas de cistina y absorbancia generada por el método de 0,998. Usando esta técnica se encontró un valor normal de excreción de 1,35 a 110,11 mg cistina/g creatinina. En cinco pacientes, de los 80 con nefrolitiasis, se hallaron valores elevados de cistina, compatibles con cistinuria. El método utilizado puede implementarse en cualquier laboratorio clínico para confirmar el diagnóstico de cistinuria e iniciar un tratamiento oportuno.(AU)

Cystinuria is an inborn error of metabolism, caused by a defect in renal tubular transport of the following aminoacids: arginine, ornithine, lysine and cystine. Accumulation of the latter poorly soluble aminoacid leads to the development of kidney stones, characteristic of the disease. In this study, an easy and dependable spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of urinary cystine was standardized. The analysis was performed on 184 samples from 104 controls and 80 patients with kidney stones. In order to validate the method and later establish a range of normal urinary cystine excretion in the Colombian population, the following parameters were evaluated: Accuracy, precision, linearity and lower limit of detection. The technique showed intra and intei assay coefficients of variation below 10%, and excellent linearity, with an R square (r²) coefficient between known cystine concentrations and absorbance generated by the method at 0.998. Using this technique, a normal urinary cystine excretion range of 1.35-110.11 mg cystine/g creatinine was found. Among the 80 patients with kidney stones, elevated urinary cystine levels were found in 5 of them, compatible with the presence of cystinuria. This method can be implemented in any clinical laboratory to confirm the diagnosis of cystinuria and provide opportune treatment.(AU)

A cistinúria é um erro inato do metabolismo, causado por um defeito no transporte tubular renal de ar-ginina, ornitina, lisina e cistina. A acumulagáo deste último aminoácido, pouco solúvel, provoca episodios de urolitíase, característicos da doenga. No presente estudo, foi padronizado um método espectrofotomé-trico confiável e de fácil execugáo para a determinagáo quantitativa de cistina em urina espontánea. A análise foi realizada em 184 amostras de 104 controles e 80 pacientes com urolitíase. A fim de validar o método e, posteriormente, estabelecer um intervalo de excregao normal na populagao colombiana, foram avaliados os seguintes parámetros: exatidáo, precisáo, linearidade e limite inferior de detecgáo. O método mostrou coeficientes de variagáo intra e inter ensaios inferiores a 10%, e excelente linearidade, com um coeficiente R quadrado (r²) entre concentragoes conhecidas de cistina e absorváncia gerada pelo método de 0,998. Com esta técnica, foi encontrado um valor normal de excregáo de 1,35-110,11 mg cistina/g de creatinina. Entre os 80 pacientes com urolitíase, foram encontrados níveis elevados de cistina em cinco deles, compatíveis com a presenga de cistinúria. Este método pode ser implementado em qualquer laboratorio clínico para confirmar o diagnóstico de cistinúria e proporcionar um tratamento oportuno.(AU)

Descrição do potencial de retenção de nitrogênio em frangas de postura por diferentes metodologias: máxima deposição e estimativas da ingestão de metionina+cistina / Description of the potential for nitrogen retention in pullets by different methodologies: maximum deposition and estimates of intake of methionine+cystine

Objetivou-se descrever o máximo potencial de deposição de nitrogênio e estimar a ingestão de metionina+cistina pela técnica do balanço de nitrogênio e abate comparativo. Foram realizados ensaios no período de 14 a 28, 56 a 70 e 98 a 112 dias de idade, utilizando 168 frangas Dekalb White, distribuídas em sete tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de níveis de proteína na dieta, variando de 75 a 435 g kg-1 de matéria seca, em que a metionina+cistina foi o primeiro aminoácido limitante. As variáveis coletadas pelo abate comparativo foram nitrogênio ingerido e depositado e, nos ensaios de balanço de nitrogênio, coletaram-se ingestão e excreção de nitrogênio. Por meio da relação exponencial entre ingestão e deposição de nitrogênio, determinou-se a máxima deposição de nitrogênio. As técnicas foram comparadas pelo teste da razão de máxima verossimilhança. As técnicas descrevem de forma diferente o máximo potencial de deposição pela ave, mas são similares na estimativa da exigência de metionina+cistina. Com base em 60% do máximo potencial, as ingestões de metionina+cistina digestível foram estimadas em 163, 243 e 343 mg dia-1 para os período de 14 a 28, 56 a 70 e 98 a 112 dias de idade, respectivamente.

This study aimed to describe the maximum potential of nitrogen deposition and to estimate the intake of methionine+cystine by nitrogen balance and comparative slaughter. Assays were performed in the periodsof 14 to 28, 56 to 70 and 98 to 112 days of age, using 168 Dekalb White pullets, distributed in seven treatments and eight replications. Treatments consisted of protein levels in the diets ranging from 75 to 435 g kg-1 dry matter in which methionine+cystine was the first limiting amino acid. The variables collected by comparative slaughter were nitrogen intake and deposition and, in nitrogen balance trials were collected nitrogen intake and excretion. With the exponential relationship between nitrogen intake and deposition was determined the maximum nitrogen deposition. The techniques were compared by the test of maximum likelihood ratio. The techniques described differently the maximum potential for deposition by the bird, but were similar in the estimation of methionine+cystine. Based on 60% of the maximum potential the intakes of digestible methionine+cystine were estimated at 163, 243 and 343mg day-1 for the period of 14 to 28, 56 to70 and 98 to 112 days of age, respectively.

Revisão da leucina aminopeptidase no trabalho de parto pré-termo e na pré-eclampsia / Revision of the leucine aminopeptidase in preterm labor and in preeclampsia

Realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico, com artigos de revisão, analisando e discutindo os trabalhos publicados sobre os efeitos da leucina aminopeptidase e aminopeptidase A no trabalho de parto pré-termo e na pré-eclampsia. A proposta deste trabalho sobre o tema é que grande parte das questões de saúde materna parece pueril, principalmente quanto ao atendimento voltado para os cuidados maternos, no qual, a cada 20minutos, morre uma mulher em decorrência de parto, no mundo todo. Por isso, tais doenças poderão receber mais atenção do que outras. Esse fato fez com que houvesse certa preocupação com o índice de natalidade e morbidade materna, bem como morbidade e mortalidade perinatal. Portanto, abordou-se sobre sua biologia geral, fisiologia de reprodução, síntese de evolução genética, habitação, alimentação, manejo, dor e eutanásia, técnicas de riscos desenvolvidos na experimentação animal, estudos de experimentos farmacológicos e toxicológicos observados dentro dos artigos de revisão. Embora tendências atuais preconizem a utilização de métodos alternativos (estudo in vitro), os modelos animais, como as ratas, apresentam como principal vantagem o fornecimento de informações sobre o organismo como um todo, fato que não é obtido com outros métodos, o que ainda possibilita o seu emprego em pesquisas científicas.

We have carried out a literature review, with review articles, analyzing and discussing the works that have already been published on the effects of leucine aminopeptidade and aminopeptidase A in pre-term labor and preeclampsia. The proposal of this work on the subject is that most of the issues of maternal health seems childish, especially for service oriented maternity care, where, every 20 minutes, a woman dies due to childbirth, worldwide. Therefore, such diseases may receive more attention than others. This led to worry about the birth rate and maternal morbidity and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it was addressed their general biology, physiology of reproduction, synthesis of evolution, genetics, housing, feeding, pain and euthanasia techniques developed for animal experimentation risks, studies of pharmacological and toxicological experiments observed within the review articles. Although current trends have preconized the use of alternative methods (in vitro study), animal models, such as rats, have as main advantage the provision of information on the organism as a whole, a fact that is not achieved with other methods, which also allows its use in scientific research.

Níveis de metionina + cistina digestíveis em rações para poedeiras no pico de produção / Digestible methionine plus cystine levels in diets for laying hens at the production peak

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de níveis de aminoácidos sulfurados digestíveis (AASD) sobre o desempenho e a qualidade interna e externa de ovos de 360 poedeiras de 25 a 41 semanas de idade. Foram formuladas seis dietas experimentais: cinco continham 0,578; 0,636; 0,694; 0,752 ou 0,810 por cento de AASD, e em uma o nível de AASD foi o usualmente recomendado, cada tratamento com cinco repetições de 12 aves, em quatro períodos de avaliação de 28 dias cada. Melhores resultados para produção de ovos, conversão alimentar, massa de ovos e ovos viáveis foram obtidos com as aves que consumiram 729; 751; 801 e 730mg AASD/dia, respectivamente. A elevação dos níveis de AASD resultou em aumentos lineares no consumo de ração, no ganho de peso, nas porcentagens de gema e no extrato etéreo na gema. Nos ovos armazenados por sete dias, houve aumento linear da porcentagem de gema e decréscimo linear da porcentagem de casca, unidade Haugh e peso específico com a elevação dos níveis de AASD. Conclui-se que, para melhores produção e qualidade interna e externa de ovos, é necessário o consumo de 752mg de AASD ou de 864mg de aminoácidos sulfurados totais por ave/dia.

An experiment was conduct using 360 laying hens to evaluate the dietary levels of digestible sulfur amino acids (DSAA) on performance and egg quality of hens from 25 to 41 weeks of age. Five experimental diets were formulated containing 0.578, 0.636, 0.694, 0.752, and 0.810 percent of DSAA and one additional diet using the recommend level. Each treatment was replicated five times with 12 birds per replicate during four evaluation periods of 28 days each. The best results for egg production, feed conversion, egg mass yield, and viable eggs were obtained by birds that consumed 729, 751, 801, and 730 DSAA mg/day, respectively. Feed intake, weight gain, percentage of yolk, and lipid yolk linearly increased with increasing levels of DSAA. A linear increase in the percentage of yolk and a linear decrease on the percentage of shell weight, Haugh unit, and specific weight were observed with increasing levels of DSAA for eggs stored during seven days. It is concluded that for the best production and egg quality, a consumption of 752 mg of DSAA or 864 mg of total sulfur amino acid per bird per day is required.

Níveis de metionina + cistina para características de desempenho e de carcaça em codornas de corte EV2 / Methionine + cystine requirements for performance and carcass traits of EV2 meat-type quails

Estudou-se a exigência de metionina + cistina para codornas de corte em crescimento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco repetições de 13 codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis níveis de metionina + cistina - 0,73; 0,79; 0,85; 0,91; 0,97 e 1,03 por cento. Foram registrados peso corporal (g), ganho de peso (g), consumo de ração (g) e conversão alimentar (g/g) em cada fase de crescimento (7º ao 21º dia) e total (7º ao 42º dia de idade). No 42º dia, quatro codornas de cada unidade experimental (dois machos e duas fêmeas), após jejum de sólidos de oito horas, foram amostradas, pesadas e abatidas para avaliação dos pesos e rendimentos de carcaças em relação ao peso vivo e rendimentos dos cortes (peito e coxas) e das vísceras comestíveis (fígado, moela e coração) e gordura abdominal em relação ao peso da carcaça eviscerada (sem pés e sem cabeça). Os níveis de metionina + cistina da dieta influíram de forma quadrática no peso ao 21º dia e no ganho de peso do 7º ao 21º dia de idade das codornas, com máximo desempenho em 0,95 por cento de metionina + cistina. A conversão alimentar apresentou comportamento linear decrescente significativo. Houve efeito linear dos níveis dos aminoácidos metionina + cistina sobre o peso ao 42º dia, ganho de peso e consumo de alimento do 7º ao 42º dia de idade. Não houve efeito dos níveis de metionina + cistina da dieta sobre o peso vivo, peso e rendimento de carcaça, peito, coxa, gordura abdominal, fígado, moela e coração. Maiores peso corporal, carcaça eviscerada, coxa, peito, gordura abdominal, moela, peso e rendimento de fígado foram observados nas fêmeas, enquanto os machos apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça eviscerada...

Methionine + cystine requirements for meat type quails during the growing phase were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design with five levels of methionione + cystine (.73, .79, .85, .91, .97, and 1.03 percent), and five replicates of 13 quails per experimental unit. Body weight (g), weight gain (g), feed intake (g), and feed: weight gain ratio were recorded for each experimental period (from seven to 21 days and seven to 42 days of age). At 42 days of age, four quails (two males and two females) were randomly sampled from each experimental unit, slaughtered after a jejunum of eight hours to evaluate weights and yields of carcass relative to live body weight and yields of main cuts (breast and thigh), edible giblets (liver, gizzard, and heart) and abdominal fat relative to carcass weight (without foot and head). Methionine + cystine levels showed quadratic effects on body weight and weight gain at 21 days of age, with estimated maximum performances for quails fed .95 percent methionine + cystine level, while feed:weight gain ratio decreased with the increasing level of these amino acids. Significant and linear effects of methionine + cystine on body weight were observed at 42 days of age on weight; and on weight gain and feed intake from seven to 42 days of age. No significant effects of methionine + cystine were observed for live body weight, weights and yields of breast, thigh, abdominal fat, liver, gizzard, and heart. Higher body weight, eviscerated carcass, thigh, breast, abdominal fat, gizzard, and liver weight and yield were observed for females, while males showed higher eviscerated carcass weight. The highest weight gains were observed for EV2 quails fed .95 percent methionine + cystine from 7th to 21st days of age and from 7th to 42nd days of age corresponding to a methionine + cystine: lysine ratio of .73 percent and .79 percent and to a daily methionine + cystine intake of .134 and .234g/quail, respectively.